Dry-kiln for lumber, &amp;c.



I. M. LEAVER.

DRY KlLN F'on LUMBER, m.

APPLICATION FILED APR-4, I914.

1 13 1 m Patented Apr. I3, 1915.

6 SHEETSSHEET 1.

WITNESSES ATTORN EY THE NORRIS PETERS C0,, PHOZn-LITHO" WASHINGTUN, D C.

J. M. LEAVER.

onv mm FOR'LUMBER, 6w.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 4, 1914.

Patented Apr. 13, 1915.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

ll-l

E a i I E E i 3; 1

i i i i i .L i i :::::3 i i i s a a WITNESSES ATTO R N EY THE NORRIS PETERS CO, PHO'ID-LITHO, WASHINGTDN, D, C.

J. M. LEAVER.

DRY KILN FOR LUMBER, m.

APPLICATION FILED APR-4, 1914.

5w 1 9 1 00 1 v. p A d 6 +0 n m a P 6 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

WITNESSES Jam6M.Leer, INVENTOR ATTO R N EY THE NORRIS PETERS 60.. PHOTC-LITHO WASHINGTON S C J. M. LEAVER.

DRY KILN FOR LUMBER, 6L0.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 4, 1914.

WITNESSES 6% BY a ATTO R N EY THE NORRIS PETERS (30., PHOTOLITHOH WASHINGTON, u. c.

Patented Apr. 13, 1915.

J. M. LEAVER.,

DRY KILN FOR LUMBER, Km.

APPLICATION FlLED APR. 4. 1914.

Patented Apr. 13, 1915.

6 BHEETSSHEET 5.

WITNESSES i INVENTOR ATTO RN EY THE NORRIS PETERS C0.. PHOm-LITHQ. WASHINGTON. D. c.

DRY KlLN FOR LUMBER, &c.

APPLICATION FILED APR.4. 1914.

.VLEAVER.

Patented Apr.13,11915.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

v i a i i i a i 1 i v 1 i i i i 1 a I I n n u l WITNESSES ATTO R N EY JAMEE M. LEAVEB, OF LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA.

DRY-KILN FOE LUMBER, 85o.

Application filed April 4, 1914.

T all whom it may concern Be it known that I, JAMns M. Lnnvnn, a citizen of the United States, residing at Long Beacl, in the county of Los Angeles and State of California, have invented a new and useful Drv-Kiln for Lumber, &c., of which the following is a specification.

The invention relates to improvements in kilns for drying lumber and other material. The object of the present invention is to improve the construction of dry kilns, more especially that shown and described in an application filed by me on or about May 24, 1912, Serial No. (399,578, wherein certain of the ducts or passages are equipped with vertical. heating pipes to insure the greatest possible velocity of internal circulation, and to arrange such ducts in such a manner as to draw their entire air supply from the interior I the kiln room or drying chamber practically from the floor level or other desired point to suit the conditions of a kiln, and to eliminate the separate chamber for mixing the heated moist air with the cold or outside air before the latter is introduced into the drying chamber by causing the cold.

or outside air introduced into the drying chamber or kiln room to commingle with the hot moist air at the top of such chamber or room before reaching the lumber or other material to be dried.

A. further object of the invention is to provide a dry kiln of this character, adapted to maintain great internal. circulation with out depending for the same upon the escape of the hct moist air to the chimney or stack, and at the same time enable such draft to be utilized for carrying away the moisture and controlling and maintaining the proper amount of moisture within the kiln and for also automatically controlling the inlet of cold or outside air to the drying chamber or kiln room, thereby permitting a gradual reduction of moisture and an increase of heat as the drying process progresses.

lhirthermore, the invention has for its object to provide a drv kiln having means for maintaining perfect control of the temperature and moisture conditions at all times. and in. which the internal circulation may be maintained without pern'iitting any greater amount of moist heated air to escape than is compatible with the temperature and moisture desired, thereby producing ideal conditions for the proper drying of all. kinds of lumber.

Specification of Letters Patent.

. Patented Apr. 13, 1915..

Serial No. 829,593.

Another object of the invention is to provide a dry kiln having its ducts or passages arranged for producing an internal circulation transversely of the drying chamber or kiln room and in which the intensity of the circulation will not be interrupted or interfered with by the control of the draft to the chimney or stack, and which will also admit of graduation in temperature from one end of the kiln room to the other for progressive drying, or the maintenance of a uniform temperature from one end of the chamber or room to the other to dry all the lumber, so that the entire contents of the kiln room or chamber may be discharged at one time when the drying has proceeded as far as desired.

With these and other objects in view, the intention consists in the construction and novel combination of parts hereinafter fully described, illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and pointed out in the claims hereto appended; it being understood that various changes in the form, proportion, size and minor details of construction, within the scope of the claims, may be resorted to without departing from the spirit or sacrificing any of the advantages of the invention.

In the drawings: Figure 1 is a transverse sectional view of a portion of a dry kiln, constructed in accordance with this invention, the section being taken in the plane of one of the recirculating ducts or passages. Fig. 2 is a similar view, the section being taken in the plane of one of the cold air ducts or passages. Fig. 3 is a horizontal sectional view of a portion of the kiln. Fig. 4 a vertical longitudinal sectional view, taken substantially on the line 4 lof Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a detail horizontal sectional view on the line 55 of Fig. 1. Fig. 6 is a detail transverse sectional view on the line 66 of Fig. 3. Fig. 7 is a similar view on the line 77 of Fig. 3; Fig. 8 is a detail sectional view, illustrating the arrangement of the gutters of the roofs. Fig. 9 is a plan view of a portion of the kiln, illustrating another form of the invention in which the ducts or passages are staggered.

Like numerals of reference designate corresponding parts in all the figures of the drawings.

In the accompanying drawings in which is illustrated the preferred embodiment of the invention, the dry kiln, which may be constructedfina series or consist of a single drying chamber or kiln room 1, comprises in its construction slde walls 2'and 3, de-

signed to be'constructed of any suitable,

material, andin the form of invention illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive, the kiln is provided with an inclined roof 4 and a horizontal floor or bottom 5.. The roof extends 7 upwardly from the wall 2 to the wall 3, and

in a series-of kilns a'suitable gutter. 6 will be provided at the adjacent lower portions of the two oppositely inclined roofs, as clearly illustrated in Fig. 8'of the drawings. The

I v gutter 6, Which is preferably constructed of galvanized sheet iron, consists of oppositely inclined bottom portions 6, vertical side walls 6? and inclined lateral extensions 6. i'The inclined bottom portions 6" extend downwardl-y and'inwardly to the median line of the gutter and the inclined laterally extending side portions 6 are secured to the ad- Jacent portionsof the roofs of the adjoining I kiln rooms. The outer laterally eXtending portions 6 are preferably overlapped by the roof paper or other roofing material and the vertical side portions 6 of the gutter extend downwardly. from the lower edges of the roofs 4- tothe oppositely inclined bottom portions 6*. The inclined bottom portions 6% and the vertical side portions 6 are preferably supported by boards or pieces/1 and 4 arranged at an inclination to fit the inclined bottom portions of the gutter and vertically to fit the sides of the same. V

*Thejside wall 2 is equipped with vertical cold airducts or passages 7 and vertical recirculating ducts or passages 8, extending from the top to the bottom of the drying chamber or kiln room andpreferably arranged contiguous to one another so that the cold or outside air entering the drying chamber or kilnroom at the upper portion Tlieducts or passages 7 and -8 are separated by studding 11, the spaces between the studding being" covered at the interior of the kiln to form the passages 7 and 8, but the latter may be constructed in any other preferred 'manner.

' Each cold air duct '7 communicates at its lower end with an inlet opening 12 in the bottom of the floor 5, a' cold air intake box connecting the lower end of the duct or i passage7 with the opening 12, The cold air intake boxis composed of spaced approximately triangular blocks 13 and an inclined wall 14, fitted against and suitably secured to the inclined edges of the triangular blocks 13. The blocks, which have inner inclined edges, form the end walls of the intake box, and the inclined wall 14: extends upwardly and outwardly from the fioor 5 at the inner side of the opening 12 to a horizontal bar 15, suitably secured to the studding and fitted against the upper ends of the blocks ture on leaving the upper ends of the cold air ducts is slightly higher than that of the outside atmosphere. The upper edges of the inner inclined side walls of the cold air intake boxes are preferably fitted against the lower edges of the horizontal bars 15.

lhe recirculating ducts 8 are equipped with vertical steam pipes 16 preferably arranged inthe form of radiators and connected at the bottom of the drying chamber with longitudinal feed and return pipes 17 and 18, the connecting pipes being equipped with suitable valves 19 for controlling the passage of the steam to the vertical heating pipes. Owing to the vertical heating pipes being arranged in vertical sections and each section being controlled by separate inlet and outlet steam valves, any graduation in temperature from one end of the drying chamber to the other can be maintained by shutting off certain. sections, thus progressive drying may be had, or by using all of the sections of piping a uniform temperature from one end of the room to the other may be maintained, thereby simultaneously drymg all of the lumber in the kiln, so that the entire contents of the drying chamber may be discharged at one time when the drying has proceeded as far as desired. The lower ends of the vertical recirculating ducts or passages 8 communicate with the drying chamber or kiln room at the bottom thereof through openings 20, and the longitudinal feed and return pipes 17 and 18 are arranged beneath inclined shields or partitions 21, extending upwardly and outwardly to the horizontal bars 15 and fitting against the same at a point above the inclined walls 14 of the cold air intake boxes. The inclined guards or partitions 21 have their lower edges spaced from the floor or bottom of the drying chamber to permit free passage of the heated moist air to the lower ends of the recirculating ducts or passages. The inclined shields or partitions 21 are secured to inclined bars or cleats 22, arranged at and secured to the side faces of transverse braces 23 and supported at their lower ends by short vertical bars or pieces 24. The braces 23, which are horizontally disposed, extend from the side walls of the kiln to the sup porting means of rails 25, and the outer ends of the said braces 23 are supported upon truncated triangular blocks 26, having horizontal upper and lower edges and presenting inclined inner edges, which are arranged in the same inclined planes as the inclined inner edges of the triangular blocks 13. The inner inclined walls of the cold air intake boxes are supported at the braces 23 by strips or cleats 27, the truncated blocks 26 and the adjacent supported portions of the braces 23 constituting the end walls of the adjacent intake boxes. The horizontal bars 15 and the inclined guards or partitions extend longitudinally of the drying chamber or kiln room in the spaces between the braces 23.

The rails 25, which may be supported in any suitable manner, are mounted upon stringers 28, which are supported by vertical posts 29, extending above the plane of the lower openings of the recirculating passages or ducts, so that the lumber piled upon a car 30 is located a considerable distance above the plane where the air from the drying chamber or kiln room enters the recirculating ducts or passages. The extending of the vertical steam pipes some distance below the level of the load of lumber to be dried tends to a greater eiliciency of internal circulation, for, in order to maintain a very great internal circulation while not allowing more heated air to escape from the kiln than is compatible with the temperature and moisture desired to be maintained in the drying chamber or kiln room is to produce an ideal condition for drying, admitting as it does of a gradual reduction of moisture and an increase of heat as the drying process progresses. Given an equal pipe area of vertically arranged piping as compared with a horizontal arrangement of the heating pipes, the volume of air passing through the vertical recirculating ducts or passages is radically increased and especially so when the upward currents of air are confined in ducts, which act as chimneys. Thus a very strong internal circulation is maintained and at the outlet of the recirculating or heating duets, the recirculated hot moist air strikes the currents of the outside air, which ascend the adjoining vertical ducts or passages 7 and a mixture of the two currents is effected during the passage of the same across the drying chamber in the .space between the ceiling 31 and the load of lumber to be dried. The ceiling 31 slopes in the same direction as and is in parallelism with the roof, and owing to the sloping of the ceiling toward the opposite side of the room the currents of air following the line of least resistance travel transversely across the drying chamher or kiln room from one side of the same to the other. The tendency of the mixed currents of air is to descend adjacent to the side wall 3, and they pass through the courses of lumber toward the recirculating ducts or passages and also toward outlet ducts or passages 32, which are provided at intervals at the side wall 3 of the kiln.

The outlet ducts or passages, which are vertical, extend from the bottom of the drying chamber to and are connected with a longitudinal suction chamber 33, located at the top of the drying chamber above an inclined ceiling section or partition 34, which connects the upperend of the inclined ceiling 31 with the side wall 3 of the kiln. The inclined ceiling terminates short of the side wall. 3, and the inclined partition 34: extends downwardly from the ceiling to the said side wall The longitudinally disposed inclined partition 3i besides dividing olf the. space within the kiln to form the longitudinal suction chamber also assists in changing the direction of the transverse currents of air to cause the same to travel downwardly at the side wall 3 of the drying chamber. The outlet ducts are arranged at intervals and the spaces between the outlet ducts are uncovered and form pas ages 35, which assist the downward movement of the mixed currents of air in the circulation of the same through the drying chamber. The suction chambers 33 of the adjacent drying chambers or kiln rooms communicate at intervals with suitable chimneys or stacks 36 of sufficient number and capacity to produce the desired. suction or draft through the longitudinal suction chamber 33 outlet or suction ducts or passages The outlet ducts or passages have openings 37 at their lower ends and the escape of the heated moist air through the outlet ducts to the chimney or stack is controlled by dampers 38, hinged at their upper edges 39 and ar ranged to close against inclined edges of triangular blocks 40, which are mounted at the lower ends of the outlet ducts at opposite sides of the opening 37. The hinged dampers, which are of a length when closed to extend to the bottom or floor of the drying chamber, are adapted to completely close the lower openings 37 of the outlet ducts. The dampers are connected by suitable iiexible connections tl with a longitudinal shaft i2, journaledin suitable bearings and preferably extending the entire length of the drying chamber or kiln room and equipped with a suitable operating handle e22 prefe'ably arranged exteriorly of the kiln, as illustrated in Fig. 3 of the drawings. The longitudinal shaft 42 is adapted to be rotated by the crank handle 42 to wind up the flexible. connection or unwind and the vertical ducts passages 7 are not equipped with dampers or val es, and they deliver only suflicient air to the drying chamber to fill the vacuum caused by the outgoing heated moist air. The action or'operation of these cold air supply ducts 44. is automatically governed by the escapeof the heated moist air. Naturally the walls of the cold air ducts being warm conduce to the raising of the temperature of the incoming outside or cold air during the'passage of the same through the said ducts, so that when the outside or cold air meets the reheated moist air, it is higher in temperature than the outside air, this varying with the volume admitted and the temperature of the duct walls.

Preferably the vertical heating or recirculating ducts and the cold air ducts are located at one wall of the drying chamber,

while at the opposite wall are arranged the outlet ducts and the open ducts, which assist the down draft. However, it may be advantageous :to employ a staggered arrangement, as illustrated in Fig. 9 of the drawings, in which is illustrated a dry kiln pro- .vided at each of the walls a5 with cold air inlet ducts -16, recirculating or heating ducts 4:7, outlet ducts 4:8 and open ducts 4-9. The arrangement of these ducts at each side of the side walls do not corresponclbut are staggered, as shown, the cold air ducts of one side wall beinglocated opposite the outlets of the other side wall, while the recirculating or heating pipes of one side wall are located'opposite the open or down draft ducts of the other wall. This arrangement may be furtherv varied, if desired, but it is preferable to. arrange the cold air ducts adjoining the recirculating or heating ducts at each side wall, so that the currents from such ducts will mix-or commingle in the manner heretofore explained before the cold air reaches the lumber to be dried.

lVhen each side wallis equipped with the inlet, outlet, recirculating and open or down draftducts, the roof will be oppositely inclined and provided at the center with a gutter similar in construction to that illustrated inFig. 8 of the drawings. Any suitable means may be employed to increase the moisture in the usual manner as such means may be advantageously used wherethe stock has been partially air dried before being put in the kiln, or where the lumber does not contain sufficient moisture.

What is claimed is 1. A dry kiln including a drying chamher, a chimney or stack, an outlet duct or passage communicating with the drying chamber and with the chimney or stack, an inlet duct or passage connecting the drying chamber with the outside atmosphere, and a recirculating duct or passage having heating means and extending from the lower to the upper portion of the drying chamber.

2. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a chimney or stack, a damper controlled outlet duct or passage communicating with the drying chamber and with the chimney or stack, an air inlet passage or duct communicating with the outside atmosphere and with the drying chamber and automatically controlled by the escape of heated moist air through the outlet or passage, and a recirculating duct or passage having heating means and extending from the upper to the lower portion of the drying chamber and communicating therewith. 3. A dry kiln including a drying chamher, a cold air duct or passage communicating with the outside atmosphere and with the drying chamber, and a recirculating duct or passage having heating means for creating an upward circulation of air through it, said recirculating duct or passage communicating at its ends with the drying chamber and arranged to discharge into the same adjoining the cold airinlet duct or passage, whereby a commingling or mixing of the outside air and the heated moist air is effected.

&. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a recirculating duct or passage extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at each end therewith and provided with heating means for creating an upward circulation of air through it, and a cold air duct or passage communicating with the outside atmosphere and arranged to discharge into the drying chamber at a point adjacent to the upper end of the recirculating duct or passage to effect a mixture or commingling of outside air and the reheated air before the outside air impinges against the material to be dried.

5. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a vertical cold air duct or passage extending from the top to the bottom of the drying chamber and communicating at its lower ends with the outside atmosphere and at its upper end with the interior of the drying chamber, and a vertical recirculating 'ductor passage also extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at each end with the same, said recirculating duct or passage being provided with heating means for causing an upward circulation of air through it.

6. A dry kiln including a drying chamher, a vertical cold air duct or passage extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at its lower end with the outside atmosphere and having an opening at its upper end to discharge into the drying chamber, and a vertical recirculating duct or passage adjoining the cold air duct or passage and extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at its lower end with the drying chamber at the floor level, said recirculating duct or passage being provided atits upper end with an opening located adjacent to the opening at the upper end of the cold air duct or passage, and heating means located within the recirculating duct or passage-for causing an upward circulation of air through the said duct or passage.

7. A dry kiln including a drying cham-- ber having a floor provided with an opening, a vertical cold air duct or passage extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and discharging at its upper end into the same, and a cold air intake box mounted upon the floor and connecting the lower end of the said duct or passage with the bottom opening.

8. A dry kiln including a drying chamber provided at its bottom with an opening, a vertical cold air duct or passage extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and discharging at its upper end into the same, and a cold air intake box connecting the lower end of the said duct or passage with the bottom opening and comprising approximately triangular blocks located at opposite sides of the opening, and an inner inclined wall supported by the said blocks.

9. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a plurality of vertical recirculating ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at their upper and lower ends with the said chamber, vertical heating pipes located within the recirculating ducts or passages, horizontal feed and return pipes arranged at the bottom of the drying chamber and connected with the vertical heating pipes, and inclined guards located above the feed and return pipes and spaced from the bottom of the drying chamber to permit the air from the said drying cham' her to pass into the lower ends 01"? the recirculating ducts or passages.

10. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, vertical cold air ducts or passages ex tending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and discharging at their upper ends into the same, air intake boxes arranged at the bottom of the drying chamber and connecting the lower ends of the cold air ducts or passages with the outside atmosphere, vertical recirculating ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communifrom the ducts or passages and located above the feed and return pipes and spaced from the bottom of the drying chamber to permit the air therefrom to enter the recirculating ductsor passages.

11. A drykiln including a drying chamber, vertical cold air ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and discharging from their upper ends directly into the said chamber, cold air intake boxes having inner inclined walls and connecting the lower ends of thesa'id ducts or passages with the outside atmosphere, vertical recirculating ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating directly with the interior thereof, vertical heating pipes arranged within the recirculating ducts or passages, horizontal'feed and return pipes arranged at the bottom of the drying chamber and connected with the vertical heating pipes, and inclined guards arranged above the feed and return pipes at an angle to the inclined walls of the intake boxes and spaced from the bottom of the drying chamber to permit the air therefrom to enter the lower ends of the intake ducts or passages.

12. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a chimney or stack, a longitudinal suction chamber located at and extending along the. upper portion of thedrying chamber and connected with the chimney or stack, an outlet duct or passage extending from the suction chamber to the bottom of the drying chamber and communicating directly at its lower end with the said drying chamber, and a damper for controlling the escape of moist heated air through the outlet duct or passage.

13. A dry kiln including a drying chamher, a chimney or stack, an outlet duct or passage connected with the chimney or stack and extending to the bottom of the drying chamber and provided thereat with an opening communicating directly with the said drying chamber, approximately triangular blocks located at opposite sides of the said opening and presenting inner inclined edges, a hinged damper or valve arranged to close against the inclined edges of the blocks, and means for operating the valve.

l l. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, a chimney or stack, a longitudinal sucti on chamber located at and extending along the upper portion of the drying chamber and connected with the chimney or stack, a plurality of outlet ducts or passages located at spaced points along the drying chamber extending from the suction chamher to the bottom of the drying chamber and provided attheir lower ends with openings communicating directly with the said drying chamber, dampers or valves for controlling the escape @of nioist' heated air through the outlet ducts or passages, and

operating means connected with the dampers or valvesfor adpastmg the same.

' '15. A dry kiln including a drying chamher, a cold air duct or passage extending from thebottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at its lower end with the outside atmosphere and at its upper end with the drying chamber, a recirculating duct or' passage extending from r the bottom-to the top'of the drying chamber and communicating at its ends directly with the said chamber, heating means 10 the outlet duct or passage being located at v the opposite side of the said chamber, and 'nieans for controlling the escape of moist heated air through the outlet duct or passage. y

'16. A-drykiln including a drying chamber provided with a plurality. of spaced vertical outlet ducts or passages communicating at their lower ends With the drying chamber,

open downdraft ducts or'passages located at thespaces between'the. outlet ducts or passages, a recirculating duct or passage located opposite the said ducts or passages and extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at its ends with the said chamber,'said recirculating duct or passage being provided with heating meansfor creating an upward cir- (l'opies of this patent may be obtained for culation of air through it. a

17. A dry kiln including a drying chamher having an inclined ceiling, a recirculating duct or passage extendingfrom the bot-.

tom to the topof the drying chamber and communicatingdirectly with the same and having its upperv end located at the lower edge of the inclined ceiling, an outlet duct or passage located opposite the recirculating duct or passage and extending from the bottom of the drying chamber and communieating thereat directly with the said chamber, and open down draft ducts or passages arranged adjacent to the outlet duct or passage.

18. A dry kiln including a drying chamher having an inclined ceiling terminating short of one side wall of the drying chainber, a suction chamber located at the upper portion of such side wall and having an in- 1 clined wall or partition extending from the ceiling to the said side wall, outlet ducts or passages extending from the bottom of the drying chamber to the suction chamber and arranged at spaced points, and open down draft ducts or passages located between the outlet ducts or passages and extending downwardly from the said inclined wall or partition.

19. A dry kiln including a drying chamber, vertical cold air ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communicating at their upper ends directly with the said chamber and at their lower ends with the outside atmosphere, vertical recirculating ducts or passages extending from the bottom to the top of the drying chamber and communieating at their ends directly with the said chamber, spaced vertical outlet ducts or passages extending from the bottom of the dr ing chamber and communicating at their lower ends directly with the said chamber, vertical down draft ducts or passages located at the spaces between the outlet ducts or passages, said down draft and outlet ducts or passages being located at one of the side walls of the drying chamber and the other ducts or passages being located at the opposite sidewall, a longitudinal suction chamber communicating with the upper ends of the outlet ducts or passages, and a chimney or stack connected with the suction chamber. a

In testimony, that I claim the foregoing as my own,.I have hereto aflixed my signature in the presence of two witnesses.

JAMES M. LEAVER. Witnesses: c I

C. D. CHESHIRE, Vi. L. NEIL.

five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

-Washington, D. G. 

